Functional analysis of a miRNA‐like small RNA derived from Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus

Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a major pathogen of the economic insect silkworm, Bombyx mori. Virus‐encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to play important roles in host–pathogen interactions. In this study we identified a BmCPV‐derived miRNA‐like 21 nt small RNA, BmCPV‐miR‐1, from the small RNA deep sequencing of BmCPV‐infected silkworm larvae by stem‐loop quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and investigated its functions with qPCR and lentiviral expression systems. Bombyx mori inhibitor of apoptosis protein (BmIAP) gene was predicted by both target prediction software miRanda and Targetscan to be one of its target genes with a binding site for BmCPV‐miR‐1 at the 5′ untranslated region. It was found that the expression of BmCPV‐miR‐1 and its target gene BmIAP were both up‐regulated in BmCPV‐infected larvae. At the same time, it was confirmed that BmCPV‐miR‐1 could up‐regulate the expression of BmIAP gene in HEK293T cells with lentiviral expression systems and in BmN cells by transfecting mimics. Furthermore, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could up‐regulate the expression level of BmIAP gene in midgut and fat body in the silkworm. In the midgut of BmCPV‐infected larvae, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could be further up‐regulated and inhibitors could lower the virus‐mediated expression of BmIAP gene. With the viral genomic RNA segments S1 and S10 as indicators, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could up‐regulate and inhibitors down‐regulate their replication in the infected silkworm. These results implied that BmCPV‐miR‐1 could inhibit cell apoptosis in the infected silkworm through up‐regulating BmIAP expression, providing the virus with a better cell circumstance for its replication.     

Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquids under high fructose concentration conditions

Acid-promoted, selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under high fructose concentration conditions was achieved in ionic liquids (ILs) at 80 °C. A HMF yield up to 97% was obtained in 8 min using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₄mim]Cl) catalyzed with 9 mol % hydrochloric acid. More significantly, an HMF yield of 51% was observed when fructose was loaded at a high concentration of 67 wt % in [C₄mim]Cl. Water content below 15.4% in the system had little effect on HMF yield, whereas a higher water content was detrimental to both reaction rate and HMF yield. In situ NMR analysis suggested that the transformation of fructose to HMF was a highly selective reaction that proceeded through the cyclic fructofuranosyl intermediate pathway. This work increased our capacity to produce HMF, and should be valuable to facilitate cost-efficient conversion of biomass into biofuels and bio-based products.     

Sensitization of mice with wild-type and cold-adapted influenza virus variants: immune response to two H1N1 and H3N2 viruses

Two A strain influenza viruses, A/Hong Kong/123/77 (A/HK/123/77) (H1N1) and A/Queensland/6/72 (A/Qld/6/72) (H3N2), and the two cold-adapted reassortants which possess the surface antigens of these strains (CR35 and CR6, respectively) were tested for their ability both to induce primary cytotoxic T-cell (Tc cell) responses in mice and to sensitize mice for a second Tc cell response when challenged with a distantly related A strain virus, A/Shearwater/72 (H6N5). After intranasal inoculation, A/Qld/6/72 replicated to higher titers in the lung (1 to 2 log10 50% egg infective doses) than did A/HK/123/77 or either of the reassortants. A/Qld/6/72 induced higher Tc cell responses in the lung than did CR6, and both were more effective than either A/HK/123/77 or CR35 in this respect. When similar doses (10 or 10(3) hemagglutinin units) of each virus were injected intravenously into mice and the spleens were tested for Tc cell activity 6 days later, both A/Qld/6/72 and CR6 were ca. 100-fold better at inducing a primary Tc cell response than A/HK/123/77 or CR35. In contrast, the H1N1 and H3N2 viruses gave rather similar anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers (after intravenous injection) and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (after subcutaneous injection). If mice were primed with a low dose of these viruses (10(4) 50% egg infective doses intranasally), A/Qld/6/72 and CR6 were more effective than A/HK/123/77 or CR35 at sensitizing for a secondary Tc cell response when challenged with A/Shearwater/72, but if larger doses were given either intranasally (10(6) 50% egg infective doses) or intravenously (10 to 10(3) hemagglutinin units), all viruses sensitized the mice equally well, despite the fact the A/Shearwater/72 gives a poor primary Tc cell response in mice. Thus, the viral glycoprotein antigens can be important in determining the immunogenicity of the virus and, particularly, the class I antigen-restricted Tc cell response of the host.     

纳米孔测序技术在病毒性传染病检测及研究中的应用

快速、准确鉴定出病原体是临床感染性疾病诊断和传染病预防控制的基础。高通量测序基因检测技术突破了传统检测手段的时效性、灵敏度等的局限，为病原体检测和研究提供了便捷、高效的途径。本综述以高通量测序技术发展过程为基础，回顾纳米孔三代测序技术，及其在病毒性传染病检测鉴定及研究中的应用，并对该技术的应用前景及可能存在的问题进行阐述，期望它能在病毒性传染病的防控方面发挥更大的作用。     

肝素钠的生产及其存在的问题及解决的方法（Ⅱ）

本文就粗品肝素钠生产的原料控制硬件设施管理和环保等方面进行了论述，介绍了一些改进的方法和措施，并就该方面的的一些问题进行了探讨，提出了解决的方法。     

珠江口伶仃洋中华白海豚栖息地利用对海岸线等变迁的响应

沿岸鲸豚类栖息地易受人类活动的干扰，导致其分布和核心栖息地发生变化。珠江口-漠阳江口中华白海豚种群是目前所知全球范围内最大的种群，其中伶仃洋水域是其重要的栖息地。近年来，珠江口伶仃洋周边城市发展带来的人类活动增加，白海豚的生存压力日益增大，分析伶仃洋中华白海豚对栖息地环境变化的响应，研究对应的保护策略显得非常迫切。以多源陆地资源卫星Landsat为数据源，通过影像分析近43年珠江口伶仃洋围填海造成的海域流失，结合近20年来采用截线抽样法收集的海豚观测数据，运用含障碍核插值（Kernel interpolation with barriers）方法，分析白海豚的分布及核心栖息地的变化。结果显示：1986-2015年期间，研究区域内流失的海域面积为344.08km²；目击分布离人工海岸线的平均距离大于自然海岸线的平均距离，目击分布到自然海岸线和人工海岸线的平均距离均在减小，表明过去20年白海豚的栖息地使用选择发生了一些变化，被迫适应人类活动的干扰；1997-2016年白海豚的分布范围呈现先增加后减小，白海豚栖息地使用的重心偏向伶仃洋东部水域，核心栖息地趋向主航道和无人海岛附近水域萎缩，可能是海豚因海域食物资源减少而迫不得已的选择。不同时期，珠江口中华白海豚国家级自然保护区所覆盖的核心栖息地比例呈递减趋势，占比由79.9%下降到49.4%，当前有必要对保护区范围和功能区作出一些优化调整，以适应栖息地使用的变化格局。     

中国航空碳排放及其效率时空演化特征分析

航空碳排放不仅影响空气质量且可造成温室效应。中国正处于从民航大国向民航强国迈进的关键时期，提高航空碳排放效率是行之有效的航空碳减排手段。运用可拓展随机性环境影响评估模型(STIRPAT)对中国2004—2019年航空碳排放总量的时空演变特征进行分析，以探明不同尺度区域航空碳排放的空间差异与空间关联表现；运用基于非期望产出的超效率松弛变量模型(SBM)和标准差椭圆分析法(SDE)对中国航空碳排放效率的时空分布与格局演化过程进行判定，以分析各省域航空碳排放效率的差异，并给出有效的航空碳减排方略。研究发现：2004—2019年，中国航空碳排放总量持续增长，航空碳排放增长率和航空碳排放强度均呈波动下降趋势；四大经济区航空碳排放总量分布总体表现为“东部>西部>中部>东北”的格局，东部仍是中国航空碳排放的主要区域；高碳排放区较分散，还未形成省域之间连片的碳排放高值区。2004—2019年，中国航空碳排放效率总体呈现“M”型波动上升趋势，各省域航空碳排放效率均不同程度的提高，但主要以低效率区、中效率区为主；各省域之间的航空碳排放效率差异性经历了逐渐减小到逐步增大的过程，但总体航空碳...     

okemon及其在肿瘤中的研究进展

Pokemon 基因即POK 红系髓性致癌因子，也被称为FBI -1 ，LRF ，OCZF ，TIP ，它是POK 转录抑制物家族成员之一，其编 码的产物具有BTB / POZ 域和锌指结构,它是第一个被发现的可变阅读框基因ARF ( Alternative reading frame ，ARF )的特异性 转录抑制物，Pokemon 通过特异抑制ARF 转录来调控细胞周期、诱导肿瘤发生、促进肿瘤的发生发展，在一些人类肿瘤如食管鳞 癌、肺癌、结肠癌、人贲门癌、膀胱癌，前列腺癌和乳腺癌等肿瘤组织中具有较高的表达水平。Pokemon 的特殊性在于还能与其它 癌基因如Bcl-2，MDM2 等结合之后发挥作用来促进其他癌基因的活性。因此可以认为Pokemon 是肿瘤的总开关，对Pokemon 基 因的进一步研究有助于为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供新的途径和方法。